A | 丽水8月25日电(傅飞扬 吴雨臻)连片瓜蒌藤蔓攀架延展，饱满的果实缀满大棚……连日来，走进浙江省丽水市庆元县张村乡瓜蒌“共富工坊”，农户们忙着采摘、装筐、转运。
B | “我们现在种瓜蒌，当年就能挂果，年亩均收益能到5000多元，日子越来越有盼头！”当地种植户吴式华说。 产业兴则乡村兴。
C | Some three million Vietnamese were affected by direct contact with dioxin in that decade.,14% of the territory of South Vietnam was exposed to this toxin, causing severe consequences for the land and nature. Five thousand square kilometers of mangrove forests were almost completely destroyed; about 10,000 square kilometers of jungle and more than a thousand square kilometers of lowland forests were affected. American troops destroyed 70% of the coconut plantations and 60% of the Gewea plantations; they also changed the ecological balance of Vietnam.,The affected areas lost 18 out of 150 bird species; nearly all amphibians and insects disappeared; the number of fish in rivers decreased, and their composition changed. The microbiological composition of soils was disturbed. Changes in the fauna resulted in the replacement of black rats, which are safe for humans, with other species that were plague carriers. Alterations in the mosquito species composition led to the introduction of malaria-carrying ones. Dioxin: A Permanently Exploding Bomb The large-scale US use of chemical warfare in Vietnam lasted until late 1971. But this war was not over for Vietnam itself, said Professor Andrei Kuznetsov, director general of the Russian Division of the Joint Russo-Vietnamese Research and Technology Tropical Center, in an interview with Sputnik.,“This is because dioxins, once inside the human body, begin to work like an HIV infection. If a person is completely healthy, they do not affect him. As soon as the human immune system weakens and any disease begins, dioxins immediately get integrated into the disease chains and start working in their own way. No one knows just how. They can cause cancer, damage to the liver, skin, respiratory system, and much more. Dioxin pathology is very diverse. And the most tragic thing is that it is inherited through mother's milk. More than a million and a half Vietnamese in the three postwar generations have suffered from it. For an extremely long time, for many generations, dioxins will continue to be passed on from women to their children. Moreover, there is no minimum permissible dose for dioxins,” says Andrei Kuznetsov.,Today, Vietnam faces the ever-present threat that children will be born with a wide variety of defects. To this day, several villages there are closed to the public, where children are born into families with various deformities. There are several specialized boarding schools where children with genetic defects live. Scientists from different countries have been studying the effects of dioxin on soil for a long time, but only in temperate and northern climates. No one has studied its impact in the tropics. There have been no studies on what happens when dioxin molecules enter the soil under tropical conditions, continued Professor Kuznetsov.,“The Joint Russo-Vietnamese Research and Tropical Technology Center is the first and only one to address this issue. It was commonly believed that dioxin molecules were insoluble. Supposedly, humus binds them and they remain in the top layer of the soil. One could bulldoze or even shovel it and burn it. But it turns out that things are different in the tropics. Dioxin molecules bind with various acids in the soil, forming new dioxin-containing molecules that become water-soluble and water-permeable. They mix with rainfall streams, sink into the soil, get transported by subsurface water, and subsequently enter wells, lakes, rivers, and seas hundreds of kilometers away from where they were sprayed. This situation persists in Vietnam to this day. There are several ‘hot spots’; places where, during the aggression, the Americans stored barrels with chemical agents. When they left Vietnam, they shot these barrels with large-caliber machine guns and left them there. For example, this happened in Da Nang, which was one of the largest US military bases. And the same happened at the US military base in Bien Hoa. These two former bases are still the largest and scariest hotbeds of contamination,” said Andrei Kuznetsov.,The expert also noted that the Americans recently have conducted a demonstrative action in Da Nang – and have now begun it in Bien Hoa – to decontaminate the soil to a depth of two meters in those places where barrels with warfare agents were stored. But they don`t check the level of dioxin contamination even within the radius of 200-300 meters from the storage sites. Meanwhile, subsurface water transports pesticides far beyond those limits.,The Mission of Joint Tropical Center The Joint Russo-Vietnamese Research and Technology Tropical Center has been studying the consequences of the US chemical war in Vietnam since its founding. In fact, it was established precisely for this work, noted Professor Kuznetsov.,“We were tasked with determining whether contact with dioxin leads to genetic changes in humans and has a detrimental effect on soil, flora, and fauna. Our conclusion - yes, it does. The results of our work were published and reported to the leadership of Vietnam’s Ministry of National Defense and Ministry of Health, together with our scientific and practical recommendations on combating various dioxin-related effects. At the same time, we noted that the most effective, global way to prevent dioxins from damaging people is to take maximum care of their health. That is, Vietnam needs to invest much more in health care than countries that have not been exposed to this toxic chemical. We cannot yet say when the effects of US chemical warfare will cease in Vietnam. After all, Vietnam is the first and only country to have been exposed to such massive amounts of poisonous substances,” Kuznetsov concluded.。
D | 今年以来，张村乡立足中药材产业优势，结合市场发展，打造由党员干部、村书记、企业技术顾问等组成的药典干部技能团、药香绿谷技能团两支基层实干队伍(下称“技能团”)，以瓜蒌为突破口，深耕“育、种、变、食、养”五维实干攻坚，推动当地中药材产业迭代升级。 原来，当地曾以白芨种植为主，为了产业更优、收益更稳，开始寻求新的发展道路。于是，技能团主动对接浙江省地质院、浙江大学科研团队，实地踏勘土壤土质，对标全国中药材市场趋势，最终锁定适应性好、见效快、收益稳的瓜蒌作为破局品种。 品种选好了，落地是关键。技能团逐村摸排闲置资源，通过合作社流转、村集体托管等模式，复垦闲置荒地、盘活闲置大棚，建成近50亩种苗繁育基地。以此为核心，当地积极对接农业科技公司，推动“千亩中药材种植”项目顺利落地，一期已流转土地360亩。 技能团团长夏清平介绍，他们常态化下沉吴坑、库山、南阳等种植重点区域，邀请专家开展“田间课堂”教学，手把手传授育苗定植、病虫害防治等技术；同时奔赴江苏、上海等地学习标准化运营模式，对接推进中药材GAP标准化基地认证。 今年以来，当地已开展中药材技术培训8次，培育技能人才60余名，带动150余户药农参与新品种种植。 “咔咔”几声脆响，洗净的瓜蒌根在切片机下化作厚薄均匀的片状，清新的草木香弥漫厂房，这批初加工产品将发往安徽亳州的药企……这一繁忙景象，是张村乡产业蝶变的缩影。 过去，当地只种原料、不卖成品，为破解“丰产不丰收、量大价不优”的困境，技能团聚焦全产业链布局，靶向补齐加工、资金、市场三大短板。 以加工端为例，张村乡联动合作企业建成750平方米瓜蒌药材加工管理厂房，实现本地瓜蒌就地清洗、分拣、深加工，同时技能团建立政企常态化联动研发机制，深挖瓜蒌多元价值，通过配方优化、工艺改良、品类创新、品质溯源，成功开发出瓜蒌籽休闲零食、养生茶饮、中药饮片、瓜蒌酒等系列衍生产品，实现瓜蒌全株利用。张村乡750平方米瓜蒌药材加工管理厂房建成。庆元县委宣传部供图 如今，张村乡瓜蒌产业潜力充分释放，预计年产值可突破1800万元，实现从“田间种养”到“全域增值”。 好产品打开了好销路，好生态则拓宽了发展新空间。依托优良生态禀赋与古村文脉底蕴，张村乡立足“药典古村”特色IP，推动中药材产业与文旅、康养深度融合，加快形成“林下经济+森林康养+药材研学”的新业态。 “藤语秘境”主题景点一期建设稳步推进，后溪村千年古村落资源也被盘活，沉浸式“瓜蒌共富园”即将亮相……随着标准化种植基地、精深加工厂房、古村文旅景观等资源被有机串联，该乡集农事体验、观光研学、康养休闲于一体的三产融合产业链初具雏形。 从单一农产品到多元业态，小小瓜蒌稳稳托起强村富民的美好期盼，为当地乡村产业高质量发展注入持久活力。
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